Bibliography

Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrig. and Drain. Paper 56. FAO, Rome.

Chen, J. Y., Tang, C. Y., Sakura, Y., Kondoh, A., Shen, Y. J., 2002. Groundwater flow and geochemistry in the lower reaches of the Yellow River: a case study in Shandang Province, China. Hydrogeol. J. 10 (5), 587-599.

Easterling, D. R., Horton, B., Jones, P. D., Peterson, T. C., Karl, T. R., Parker, D. E., Salinger, M. J., Razuvayev, V., Plummer, N., Jamason, P., Folland, C. K., Jul. 1997. Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe. Science 277 (5324), 364-367.

Feng, J. M., Wang, T., Qi, S. Z., Xie, G. W., 2005. Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation. Environ. Geol. 47 (4), 459-466.

Fu, G., Chen, S. L., Liu, C. M., Shepard, D., 2004. Hydro-climatic trends of the Yellow River basin for the last 50 years. Climatic Change 65 (1-2), 149-178.

Haan, C., 1977. Statistical methods in hydrology. Iowa State University Press,, Ames, IA.

Hutchinson, M. F., 1995. Interpolating mean rainfall using thin-plate smoothing splines. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 9 (4), 385-403.

ICW (Information Center of Water Resources), 1950-1990. Hydrological Year Book (in Chinese). Bur. Hydrol., Beijing.

Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R., 1997. Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages. J. Climate 10 (10), 2548-2568.

Kaiser, D. P., Oct. 1998. Analysis of total cloud amount over China, 1951-1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3599-3602.

Liu, C. M., Zhang, S. F., 2002. Drying up of the Yellow River: its impacts and counter-measures. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 7 (3), 203-214.

Liu, C. M., Zheng, H. X., 2004. Changes in components of the hydrological cycle in the Yellow River basin during the second half of the 20th century. Hydrol. Process. 18 (12), 2337-2345.

Liu, X. D., Chen, B. D., 2000. Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. Int. J. Climatol. 20 (14), 1729-1742.

Myneni, R., Nemani, R. R., Running, S. W., 1997. Estimation of global leaf area index and absorbed par using radiative transfer models. IEEE T Geosci. Remote. 35 (6), 1380-1393.

New, M., Hulme, M., Jones, P., 2000. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. J. Climate 13 (13), 2217-2238.

Piper, S. C., Stewart, E. F., 1996. A gridded global data set of daily temperature and precipitation for terrestrial biospheric modeling. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 10 (4), 757-782.

Thiessen, A. H., 1911. Precipitation averages for large areas. Mon. Wea. Rev. 39, 1082-1084.

Xia, J., Wang, Z. G., Wang, G. S., Tan, G., 2004. The renewability of water resources and its quantification in the Yellow River basin, China. Hydrol. Process. 18 (12), 2327-2336.

Xu, J. X., 2005. The water fluxes of the Yellow River to the sea in the past 50 years, in response to climate change and human activities. Environ. Manage. 35 (5), 620-631.

Xu, Z. X., Takeuchi, K., Ishidaira, H., Zhang, X. W., 2002. Sustainability analysis for Yellow River water resources using the system dynamics approach. Water Resour. Manag. 16 (3), 239-261.

Yang, D. W., Li, C., Hu, H. P., Lei, Z. D., Yang, S. X., Kusuda, T., Koike, T., Musiake, K., 2004. Analysis of water resources variability in the Yellow River of China during the last half century using historical data. Water Resour. Res. 40 (6), W06502.

YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission), 1986. Assessment of the water resources in the Yellow River basin (in Chinese). YRCC, Zhengzhou, China.

YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission), 1991-2000. Water resources Bulletin of the Yellow River (in Chinese), Annu. Rep. YRCC, Zhengzhou, China.

Figure 1: The Yellow River basin

10#10

Figure 2: Relative trend magnitude of precipitation (a), reference evapotranspiration (b), relative humidity (c), sunshine duration (d), cloud amount (e) from 1960 to 2000 and LAI value (f) from 1981 to 2000.

11#11

Figure 3: Trend magnitude of mean temperature (a), minimum temperature (b), maximum temperature (c) and diurnal temperature range (d) from 1960 to 2000.

12#12

/

Table 1: Observed annual discharge change at gauges

Stations	Discharge	Averaged1	Trend 2	Relative
	(109m3)	(mm)	(mm)	trend (%)
Tangnaihai	20.8	171	-	-
Lanzhou	31.5	141	-48	-34
Toudaoguai	22.1	60	-35	-58
Sanmenxia	34.2	50	-35	-71
Huayuankou	38.4	53	-40	-77
Lijin	29.8	40	-59	-149

¹ Annual discharge is presented as the water depth over the control area of each gauge.

² A significance level of 5% is used to detect the trend.

Table 2: Change in climate and vegetation condition

Items	Averaged	Trend	Relative	Significance
			trend (%)	(%)
P (mm/year)	443	-46	-10	6
ET (mm/year)	1040	-6	-1	47
Um	0.58	0.00	0	18
Ds (hour/day)	7.16	-0.43	-6	1
Ca	0.52	-0.07	-13	0
Tm ()	7.00	1.44	-	0
Tmin ()	1.23	1.68	-	0
Tmax ()	14.01	1.25	-	0
DTR	12.78	-0.43	-3	0
LAI	1.50	0.24	16	32
LAI in IDs	1.09	0.53	48	13