key: satellite cloud rain efficiency in ‘abstract’ 73

 

 

Factors Responsible for Precipitation Efficiencies in Midlatitude and Tropical Squall Simulations

Brad Schoenberg Ferrier, Joanne Simpson, Wei-Kuo Tao

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 124, Issue 10 (October 1996) pp. 2100-2125

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2100:FRFPEI>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Different definitions of storm precipitation efficiency were investigated from numerical simulators of convective systems in widely varying ambient conditions using a two-dimensional cloud model with sophisticated ice microphysics. The model ...

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中緯度・熱帯のスコール再現計算における降水効率を決定する要素

 

降水効率を異なる定義で調べた。使ったのは対流の再現計算で、氷の微物理は診断的に考慮する(氷晶核の発生を気温だけで決めるのではなく、他の要素も考慮する?)2次元の雲モデルをもちいた。周囲の環境はいろいろ変えることができる。モデルの結果から上昇流の傾きが、この傾きは鉛直シアで制御されているのだが、周囲の水蒸気量が降水効率を決める重要な要素である。5/10’11

 

Estimation of Oceanic Precipitation Efficiency in Cloud Models

Chung-Hsiung Sui, Xiaofan Li, Ming-Jen Yang, Hsiao-Ling Huang

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 62, Issue 12 (December 2005) pp. 4358-4370

Abstract

Precipitation efficiency is estimated based on vertically integrated budgets of water vapor and clouds using hourly data from both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cloud-resolving simulations. The 2D cloud-resolving model is forced ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (1826 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  モデル

鉛直積分した水蒸気量、雲水量による降水効率を2Dおよび3Dの雲解像度モデルで評価した。2次元モデルはTOGA-COAREの観測値から求めた強制力を与え、3次元モデルはMM5を用いている。1時間単位の水蒸気量、雲水量の収支から(2Dの結果)、地表での蒸発量・収束した鉛直積分水蒸気量がすべて(?全体として?)、雲・降水に変化していた。この結果は領域平均の大きさによらなかった。したがって、大規模降水でも雲物理スケールの降水でも統計的に効率は等価である、といえる。さらに、雲・降水が収束(発散)すると、降水効率は増加(減少)することが示された。弱い雨で100%を超える降水効率は、周囲の大気から雲・降水粒子が収束した結果生まれる。時間スケールでの解析では、台風の3次元解析の結果が、熱帯域の対流システムを再現した2Dの結果を支持した。5/11’11

 

Rain Enhancement and Fog Elimination by Seeding with Charged Droplets. Part I: Theory and Numerical Simulations

A. Khain, V. Arkhipov, M. Pinsky, Y. Feldman, Ya Ryabov

Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 43, Issue 10 (October 2004) pp. 1513-1529 doi: 10.1175/JAM2131.1Abstract

A new method of droplet collision acceleration, with the purpose of rain enhancement and fog elimination, is proposed. According to the method, some fraction of the droplets is taken from clouds (or fog) themselves, charged, and then injected ...

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粒子の衝突を加速する技術を提案する。目的は、降水量の増加・霧の消失である。

雲の粒径分布として狭い分布を与えて、自然状態と種まきした場合を再現計算した。自然状態としては降水が発生しないが、種まきを実施すると降水が発生する。5/9’11

キーワード:charge, rain enhancement

 

 

Collision Efficiency of Drops in a Wide Range of Reynolds Numbers: Effects of Pressure on Spectrum Evolution

M. Pinsky, A. Khain, M. Shapiro

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 58, Issue 7 (April 2001) pp. 742-764

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0742:CEODIA>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

An approach is developed enabling one to calculate the collision efficiency and the collision kernel within a wide range of the Reynolds numbers (from 0 to 100) corresponding to drops up to 300-μm radii. The flow velocity field induced by falling ...

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Statistical Effects in the Evolution of a Distribution of Cloud Droplets by Coalescence

S. Twomey

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 21, Issue 5 (September 1964) pp. 553-557

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0553:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Several years ago Telford pointed out that the simplest coalescence model, in which a small group of droplets grew with unit collection efficiency by collecting droplets of half their volume, did not remain bimodal but that the statistical ...

[Abstract] [PDF (315 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Use of High-Resolution Satellite Observations to Evaluate Cloud and Precipitation Statistics from Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations. Part I: South China Sea Monsoon Experiment

Y. P. Zhou, W.-K. Tao, A. Y. Hou, W. S. Olson, C.-L. Shie, K.-M. Lau, M.-D. Chou, X. Lin, M. Grecu

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 64, Issue 12 (December 2007) pp. 4309-4329

doi: 10.1175/2007JAS2281.1

Abstract

Cloud and precipitation simulated using the three-dimensional (3D) Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model are compared to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) rainfall measurements and ...

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A Tropical Squall Line Observed during the COPT 81 Experiment in West Africa. Part II: Water Budget

Michel Chong, Daniele Hauser

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 117, Issue 4 (April 1989) pp. 728-744

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0728:ATSLOD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The relative contributions of the different processes involved in the water budget of the 22 June 1981 tropical squall line are investigated. The kinematic and thermodynamic fields derived from Doppler radar data are used to calculate the sources ...

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The Effects of van der Waals Attractions on Cloud Droplet Growth by Coalescence

Jan R. Rogers, Robert H. Davis

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 47, Issue 9 (May 1990) pp. 1075-1080

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1075:TEOVDW>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The inclusion of van der Waals attractions in the interaction between cloud droplets has been recently shown to significantly increase the collision efficiencies of the smaller droplets. In the current work, these larger values for the collision ...

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Warm-Rain Initiation: An Overview of Microphysical Mechanisms

Kenneth V. Beard, Harry T. Ochs III

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 32, Issue 4 (April 1993) pp. 608-625

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0608:WRIAOO>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Rain triggering mechanisms are evaluated in three microphysical steps: droplet activation on cloud condensation nuclei, droplet growth by condensation, and droplet growth by coalescence. Although considerable progress has been made since the ...

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Microphysical Scaling Relations in a Kinematic Model of Isolated Shallow Cumulus Clouds

Axel Seifert, Bjorn Stevens

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 67, Issue 5 (May 2010) pp. 1575-1590

doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3319.1

Abstract

The rain formation in shallow cumulus clouds by condensational growth and collision–coalescence of liquid drops is revisited with the aim of understanding the controls on precipitation efficiency for idealized cloud drafts. For the purposes of ...

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Thunderstorm Cloud Height–Rainfall Rate Relations for Use with Satellite Rainfall Estimation Techniques

Robert F. Adler, Robert A. Mack

Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology

Volume 23, Issue 2 (February 1984) pp. 280-296

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0280:TCHRRF>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Observational studies of thunderstorm cloud height-rainfall rate and cloud height-volume rainfall rate relations are reviewed with significant variations being noted among climatological regimes. Analysis of the Florida (summer) and Oklahoma (...

[Abstract] [PDF (1358 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Vertical Mass Transport in Cumulonimbus Clouds on Day 261 of GATE

Cecil S. Lo, Wm R. Barchet, David W. Martin

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 110, Issue 12 (December 1982) pp. 1994-2004

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1994:VMTICC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The model of Sikdar, for inferring upward transport of mass in a cumulonimbus cloud from expansion of the anvil in a satellite picture sequence, is refined and tested. In the present mass transport model, the anvil is configured as a stack of ...

[Abstract] [PDF (944 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Rain Production in Convective Clouds as Simulated in an Axisymmetric Model with Detailed Microphysics. Part II: Effects of Varying Drops and Ice Initiation

Tamir Reisin, Zev Levin, Shalva Tzivion

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 53, Issue 13 (July 1996) pp. 1815-1837

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1815:RPICCA>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of the relative importance of the warm versus cold processes in convective clouds and their relative contribution to the development of rain. For this purpose, an axisymmetrical model of a cold convective cloud ...

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Particle Growth and Drop Collection Efficiency of Warm Clouds as Inferred from Joint CloudSat and MODIS Observations

Kentaroh Suzuki, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Graeme L. Stephens

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 67, Issue 9 (September 2010) pp. 3019-3032

doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3463.1

Abstract

This study describes an approach for combining CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observations to investigate the microphysical processes of warm clouds on the global scale. MODIS column optical thickness ...

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Influence of Cloud Condensation Nuclei on Orographic Snowfall

Stephen M. Saleeby, William R. Cotton, Douglas Lowenthal, Randolph D. Borys, Melanie A. Wetzel

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volume 48, Issue 5 (May 2009) pp. 903-922

doi: 10.1175/2008JAMC1989.1

Abstract

Pollution aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) have the potential to alter warm rain clouds via the aerosol first and second indirect effects in which they modify the cloud droplet population, cloud lifetime and size, rainfall ...

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Cloud Condensation Nuclei

James G. Hudson

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 32, Issue 4 (April 1993) pp. 596-607

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0596:CCN>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The state of knowledge of the particles upon which liquid droplets condense to form atmospheric water clouds is presented. The realization of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) as a distinct aerosol subset originated with the cloud microphysical ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1294 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

RAIN SCAVENGING OF RADIOACTIVE PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERE

S. M. Greenfield

Journal of Meteorology

Volume 14, Issue 2 (April 1957) pp. 115-125

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0115:RSORPM>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

On the basis of Langmuir's theory of collection efficiencies, a model is derived to explain the removal of radioactive particulate matter from the atmosphere by rain. In this connection, Langmuir's collection efficiencies are modified to take ...

[Abstract] [PDF (90 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

THE PRODUCTION OF RAIN BY A CHAIN REACTION IN CUMULUS CLOUDS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE FREEZING

Irving Langmuir

Journal of Meteorology

Volume 5, Issue 5 (October 1948) pp. 175-192

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0175:TPORBA>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The effect of surface tension in causing the evaporation of the smaller droplets in clouds with simultaneous growth of the larger droplets is an important factor determining the early stages of cumulus cloud droplets. The process is too slow to ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1715 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Analysis of Recording Raingage Data for the Israeli II Experiment. Part I: Effects of Cloud Seeding on the Components of Daily Rainfall

Abraham Gagin, K. Ruben Gabriel

Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology

Volume 26, Issue 8 (August 1987) pp. 913-921

Abstract

Earlier Published analyses of the second Israeli randomized experiment (1969–75) were restricted to 24-h data; this paper provides more details which are based on continuous time data from recording raingages. The present analyses confirm that ...

[Abstract] [PDF (693 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Two-Time-Level Semi-Lagrangian Modeling of Precipitating Clouds

Wojciech W. Grabowski, Piotr K. Smolarkiewicz

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 124, Issue 3 (March 1996) pp. 487-497

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0487:TTLSLM>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

This paper discusses two-time-level semi-Lagrangian approximations for the bulk warm-rain microphysics embedded in the framework of an anelastic cloud model. The central theoretical issue is a semi-Lagrangian integration of the rain-evolution ...

[Abstract] [PDF (765 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

Numerical Simulation of Warm Rain Development in an Axisymmetric Cloud Model

Su-Tzai Soong

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 31, Issue 5 (July 1974) pp. 1262-1285

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1262:NSOWRD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

An axisymmetric warm cloud model including 36 classes of droplets from 1 to 4096 μm is developed. A reference spectrum is prescribed for the formation of droplets around condensation nuclei. Other microphysical processes incorporated in the model ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1864 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Possible Influence of Evaporation Below Cloud Base on Rain Enhancement

H. P. Roesli, J. Joss, M. Schüepp

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 13, Issue 7 (October 1974) pp. 783-787

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0783:PIOEBC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The possibility is discussed that evaporation in the subcloud layer might be a major factor controlling the efficiency of rain enhancement by seeding, under the simplistic assumption that seeded clouds produce larger proportions of small ...

[Abstract] [PDF (375 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Theoretical Study of the Wet Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants. Part V: The Uptake, Redistribution, and Deposition of (NM4)4SO4 by a Convective Cloud Containing Ice

Petra S. Respondek, A. I. Flossmann, R. R. Alheit, H. R. Pruppacher

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 52, Issue 11 (June 1995) pp. 2121-2132

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2121:ATSOTW>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The effects of an ice phase on the wet deposition of aerosol particles was studied by means of the authors’ 2D cloud dynamics model with spectral microphysics applied to the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment in Miles City, Montana, ...

[Abstract] [PDF (980 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Surface Mesoscale Features as Potential Storm Predictors in the Northern Great Plains—Two Case Studies

AndréA. Doneaud, James R. Miller Jr., David L. Priegnitz, Lakshmana Viswanath

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 111, Issue 2 (February 1983) pp. 273-292

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0273:SMFAPS>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Two mesoscale case studies in the semi-arid climate of southeastern Montana were carried out on 1 May and 3 June 1980. I May was an unstable, rainy day with two rain periods over the mesonet area, and 3 June was a potentially unstable day, with a ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1572 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

An Analysis of In-Cloud Scavenging

A. Nelson Dingle, Yean Lee

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 1973) pp. 1295-1302

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<1295:AAOICS>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The fate of airborne contaminants that enter a cloud with an overriding rain, independently generated, is considered by means of three differential equations which express the overall mass conservation of contaminant. The model incorporates the ...

[Abstract] [PDF (486 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC FIELDS ON WATER-DROPLET COALESCENCE

G. G. Goyer, J. E. McDonald, F. Baer, R. R. Braham Jr.

Journal of Meteorology

Volume 17, Issue 4 (August 1960) pp. 442-445

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1960)017<0442:EOEFOW>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Growth of incipient precipitation particles by collision and coalescence with cloud droplets is one of the primary mechanisms of natural rain. Comparison of previous research shows wide divergence between various theoretical and laboratory values ...

[Abstract] [PDF (376 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Computationally Efficient Approximations to Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Parameterization

Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 120, Issue 8 (August 1992) pp. 1572-1582

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1572:CEATSC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Bulk cloud microphysics parameterizations typically employ time steps of a few tens of seconds. Although the computational burden of these parameterizations is acceptable for the 1-day mesoscale cloud simulations for which they were designed, the ...

[Abstract] [PDF (883 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Statistical analysis of aerosol effects on simulated mixed-phase clouds and precipitation in the Alps

Elias M. Zubler, Ulrike Lohmann, Daniel Lüthi, Christoph Schär, Andreas Muhlbauer

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 0, Issue 0 ( ) pp.

Abstract

Increasing the aerosol number in warm-phase clouds is thought to decrease the rain formation rate, whereas the physical processes taking place in mixed-phase clouds are more uncertain. Increasing number concentrations of soluble aerosols may ...

[Abstract] [PDF (2216 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

An Evaluation of the Proposed Mechanism of the Adaptive Infrared Iris Hypothesis Using TRMM VIRS and PR Measurements

Anita D. Rapp, Christian Kummerow, Wesley Berg, Brian Griffith

Journal of Climate

Volume 18, Issue 20 (October 2005) pp. 4185-4194

Abstract

Significant controversy surrounds the adaptive infrared iris hypothesis put forth by Lindzen et al., whereby tropical anvil cirrus detrainment is hypothesized to decrease with increasing sea surface temperature (SST). This dependence would act as ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (1418 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Dimension Characteristics and Precipitation Efficiency of Cumulonimbus Clouds in the Region Far South from the Mei-Yu Front over the Eastern Asian Continent

Yukari Shusse, Kazuhisa Tsuboki

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 134, Issue 7 (July 2006) pp. 1942-1953

doi: 10.1175/MWR3159.1

Abstract

Dimension characteristics in precipitation properties of cumulonimbus clouds are basic parameters in understanding the vertical transport of water vapor in the atmosphere. In this study, the dimension characteristics and precipitation efficiency ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (1451 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Drop Inertia and Its Contribution to Turbulent Coalescence in Convective Clouds. Part I: Drop Fall in the Flow with Random Horizontal Velocity

A. P. Khain, M. B. Pinsky

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 52, Issue 2 (January 1995) pp. 196-206

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0196:DIAICT>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The results of simulated drop fall in horizontal flows with the vertical shear of different kinds (constant linear, periodic, and with random velocity distribution) are presented. It is shown that the inertia of drops is significant enough to ...

[Abstract] [PDF (760 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Precipitation Development in Natural and Seeded Cumulus Clouds in Southern Africa

D. R. Hudak, R. List

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 27, Issue 6 (June 1988) pp. 734-756

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0734:PDINAS>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The development of precipitation was studied in southern Africa in 23 clouds, 12 unseeded and 11 seeded, from 11 days during the Bethlehem Precipitation Research Project. Surface and upper air data were used to describe the environmental ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1768 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Characterization of Precipitating Clouds by Ground-Based Measurements with the Triple-Frequency Polarized Microwave Radiometer ADMIRARI

Alessandro Battaglia, Pablo Saavedra, Thomas Rose, Clemens Simmer

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volume 49, Issue 3 (March 2010) pp. 394-414

doi: 10.1175/2009JAMC2340.1

Abstract

A groundbreaking new-concept multiwavelength dual-polarized Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) has been built and continuously operated in two field campaigns: the Convective and Orographically Induced Precipitation ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (3815 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Microphysical and Geometrical Controls on the Pattern of Orographic Precipitation

Gerard H. Roe, Marcia B. Baker

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 63, Issue 3 (March 2006) pp. 861-880

doi: 10.1175/JAS3619.1

Abstract

Patterns of orographic precipitation can vary significantly both in time and space, and such variations must ultimately be related to mountain geometry, cloud microphysics, and synoptic conditions. Here an extension of the classic upslope model ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (1462 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Melting-Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications. Part I: Model Formulation and Comparison with Observations

William S. Olson, Peter Bauer, Nicolas F. Viltard, Daniel E. Johnson, Wei-Kuo Tao, Robert Meneghini, Liang Liao

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 40, Issue 7 (July 2001) pp. 1145-1163

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1145:AMLMFP>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

In this study, a 1D steady-state microphysical model that describes the vertical distribution of melting precipitation particles is developed. The model is driven by the ice-phase precipitation distributions just above the freezing level at ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (384 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Cloud Condensation Nuclei and their Possible Influence on Precipitation

B. Terliuc, A. Gagin

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 10, Issue 3 (June 1971) pp. 474-481

Abstract

Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) conducted both from the ground and from an instrumented aircraft during two winter seasons, utilizing a thermal diffusion chamber, suggest that.

 

CCN spectra prove to always have, in both rainy and ...

 

 

 

 

[Abstract] [PDF (482 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

The Effects of Small-Scale Turbulent Motions on the Growth of a Cloud Droplet Spectrum

Fausto Carlos de Almeida

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 36, Issue 8 (August 1979) pp. 1557-1563

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1557:TEOSST>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The effects of small-scale cloud turbulent motions on the growth of a droplet spectrum are investigated by numerically solving the stochastic collection growth equation. Four different initial distributions of cloud droplets characterized by ...

[Abstract] [PDF (527 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Mesoanalysis of the Big Thompson Storm

Fernando Caracena, Robert A. Maddox, L. Ray Hoxit, Charles F. Chappell

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 107, Issue 1 (January 1979) pp. 1-17

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0001:MOTBTS>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Mesoscale analyses and descriptions of meteorological conditions that produced the devastating dash flood in the Big Thompson Canyon on 31 July 1976 are presented. The storm developed when strong low-level easterly winds to the rear of a polar ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1569 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Analysis of Recording Raingage Data for the Israeli II Experiment. Part II: Differential Day and Night Effects of Cloud Seeding

K. Ruben Gabriel, Abraham Gagin

Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology

Volume 26, Issue 8 (August 1987) pp. 922-926

Abstract

This paper reports separate analyses of daytime and nighttime precipitation based on data from recording raingages of the second Israeli randomized experiment. These analyses seemed important because there are a number of hypotheses on the ...

[Abstract] [PDF (399 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Hydrologic evaluation of rainfall estimates from radar, satellite, gauge, and combinations on Ft. Cobb basin, Oklahoma

Jonathan J. Gourley, Yang Hong, Zachary L. Flamig, Jiahu Wang, Humberto Vergara, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou

Journal of Hydrometeorology

Volume 0, Issue 0 ( ) pp.

doi: 10.1175/2011JHM1287.1

Abstract

This study evaluates rainfall estimates from NEXRAD, operational rain gauges, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial ...

[Abstract] [PDF (2778 KB)] [Add to Favorites]

 

 

Influences of Storm-Embedded Orographic Gravity Waves on Cloud Liquid Water and Precipitation

Roger F. Reinking, Jack B. Snider, Janice L. Coen

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 39, Issue 6 (June 2000) pp. 733-759

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0733:IOSEOG>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

This study illustrates opportunities for much improved orographic quantitative precipitation forecasting, determination of orographic cloud seedability, and flash flood prediction through state-of-the-art remote sensing and numerical modeling of ...

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Results of the South African Cloud-Seeding Experiments Using Hygroscopic Flares

G. K. Mather, D. E. Terblanche, F. E. Steffens, L. Fletcher

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 36, Issue 11 (November 1997) pp. 1433-1447

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1433:ROTSAC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A new method of seeding convective clouds for the purpose of augmenting rainfall is being developed in South Africa. Flares that produce small salt particles (0.5-μm mean diameter) are attached to the trailing edge of the wings of seeding ...

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Collision, Coalescence and Breakup of Raindrops. Part II: Parameterization of Fragment Size Distributions

T. B. Low, Roland List

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 39, Issue 7 (July 1982) pp. 1607-1619

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1607:CCABOR>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The experimental drop collision/breakup results of Low (1977) and Low and List (1982) and McTaggart-Cowan and List (1975b), taken at laboratory pressure and terminal drop speeds, were parameterized for future use in cloud and precipitation ...

[Abstract] [PDF (836 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Collisions between Small Precipitation Drops. Part III: Laboratory Measurements at Reduced Pressure

Kenneth V. Beard, Harry T. Ochs III, Song Liu

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 58, Issue 11 (June 2001) pp. 1395-1408

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1395:CBSPDP>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Collisions between drops in free fall were measured at atmospheric pressures of 745 and 545 mb for sizes applicable to self-collection, the process that controls the spreading of precipitation drop distributions in the warm rain process. ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (308 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Improved Accuracy of Radar WPMM Estimated Rainfall upon Application of Objective Classification Criteria

Daniel Rosenfeld, Eyal Amitai, David B. Wolff

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 34, Issue 1 (January 1995) pp. 212-223

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.212

Abstract

Application of the window probability matching method to radar and rain gauge data that have been objectivelyclassified into different rain types resulted in distinctly different Ze-R relationships for the various classifications.The ...

[Abstract] [PDF (998 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Classification of Rain Regimes by the Three-Dimensional Properties of Reflectivity Fields

Daniel Rosenfeld, Eyal Amitai, David B. Wolff

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 34, Issue 1 (January 1995) pp. 198-211

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0198:CORRBT>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

An automated scheme to characterize precipitation echoes within small windows in the radar field is presented and applied to previously subjectively classified tropical rain cloud systirns near Darwin, Australia. The classification parameters are ...

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An Airborne Precipitation Collector

Wayne E. Bradley, Gordon E. Martin

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 6, Issue 4 (August 1967) pp. 717-723

Abstract

A high-volume airborne precipitation collector is described. The device, installed in the nose of a twin-engine aircraft, has a 30-cm diameter intake that extends ahead of the aircraft nose. Both air and rain enter the collector where the liquid ...

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The Second Israeli Randomized Cloud Seeding Experiment: Evaluation of the Results

A. Gagin, J. Neumann

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 20, Issue 11 (November 1981) pp. 1301-1311

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1301:TSIRCS>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The Second Israeli Randomized Cloud Seeding Experiment was conducted during the six rainfall seasons November–April 1969–75. Its primary purpose was to examine the possibilities of enhancing rainfall in the catchment area of Lake Kinneret which ...

[Abstract] [PDF (928 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Warm Rain Microphysics Parameterization that Includes the Effect of Turbulence

Charmaine N. Franklin

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 65, Issue 6 (June 2008) pp. 1795-1816

doi: 10.1175/2007JAS2556.1

Abstract

A warm rain parameterization has been developed by solving the stochastic collection equation with the use of turbulent collision kernels. The resulting parameterizations for the processes of autoconversion, accretion, and self-collection are ...

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The Evolution of Drop Spectra Due to Condensation, Coalescence and Breakup

Kenneth C. Young

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 32, Issue 5 (May 1975) pp. 965-973

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0965:TEODSD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A numerical model of warm rain processes incorporating activation of cloud condensation nuclei, drop growth by condensation and stochastic coalescence, and drop breakup is described. A collisional breakup model is compared to a spontaneous ...

[Abstract] [PDF (697 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Mesoscale Convective System Rainfall in the Sahel

Vincent Mathon, Henri Laurent, Thierry Lebel

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 41, Issue 11 (November 2002) pp. 1081-1092

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1081:MCSRIT>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Based on a full-resolution Meteosat dataset, an extensive climatological study of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) observed by satellite over the Sahel leads to the definition of a subpopulation of MCSs—called organized convective systems (...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (418 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Tropical Plumes over Eastern North Africa as a Source of Rain in the Middle East

Shira Rubin, Baruch Ziv, Nathan Paldor

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 135, Issue 12 (December 2007) pp. 4135-4148

doi: 10.1175/2007MWR1919.1

Abstract

Tropical plumes (TPs) reflect tropical–extratropical interaction associated with the transport of moisture from the Tropics to extratropical latitudes. They are observed in satellite images as continuous narrow cloud bands ahead of upper-level ...

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Estimate of Precipitation from the Dual-Beam Airborne Radars in TOGA COARE. Part II: Precipitation Efficiency in the 9 February 1993 MCS

Stéphane Oury, Xiankang Dou, Jacques Testud

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 39, Issue 12 (December 2000) pp. 2371-2384

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<2371:EOPFTD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Dual-beam airborne Doppler radars are commonly used in convection experiments for their ability to describe the dynamical structure of weather systems. However, instrumental limitations impose the use of wavelengths such as X-band, which are ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (533 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Cloud and Precipitation Feature Database from Nine Years of TRMM Observations

Chuntao Liu, Edward J. Zipser, Daniel J. Cecil, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Steven Sherwood

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volume 47, Issue 10 (October 2008) pp. 2712-2728

doi: 10.1175/2008JAMC1890.1

Abstract

An event-based method of analyzing the measurements from multiple satellite sensors is presented by using observations of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR), Microwave Imager (TMI), Visible and Infrared ...

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The Detection of Silver in Rain Water from Cloud Seeding Experiments in Australia

J. A. Warburton

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 2, Issue 5 (October 1963) pp. 569-573

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1963)002<0569:TDOSIR>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A technique is being developed for detecting silver in very low concentrations in water. It is effective down to concentrations of 5 × 10−11 gm ml−l.

The method involves collecting and concentrating the silver ions on an ion-exchange column, ...

[Abstract] [PDF (331 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands to Ice-Phase Microphysics

Charmaine N. Franklin, Greg J. Holland, Peter T. May

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 133, Issue 8 (August 2005) pp. 2473-2493

doi: 10.1175/MWR2989.1

Abstract

A high-resolution tropical cyclone model with explicit cloud microphysics has been used to investigate the dynamics and energetics of tropical cyclone rainbands. As a first step, the model rainbands have been qualitatively compared with observed ...

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A Double-Moment Multiple-Phase Four-Class Bulk Ice Scheme. Part II: Simulations of Convective Storms in Different Large-Scale Environments and Comparisons with other Bulk Parameterizations

Brad Schoenberg Ferrier, Wei-Kuo Tao, Joanne Simpson

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 52, Issue 8 (April 1995) pp. 1001-1033

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1001:ADMMPF>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Part I of this study described a detailed four-class bulk ice scheme (4ICE) developed to simulate the hydro-meteor profiles of convective and stratiform precipitation associated with mesoscale convective systems. In Part II, the 4ICE scheme is ...

[Abstract] [PDF (2690 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Ice–Ice Collisions: An Ice Multiplication Process in Atmospheric Clouds

J.-I. Yano, V. T. J. Phillips

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 68, Issue 2 (February 2011) pp. 322-333

doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3607.1

Abstract

Ice in atmospheric clouds undergoes complex physical processes, interacting especially with radiation, which leads to serious impacts on global climate. After their primary production, atmospheric ice crystals multiply extensively by secondary ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (693 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Composite Model of Mesoscale Convective Complexes

William R. Cotton, Ming-Sen Lin, Ray L. McAnelly, Craig J. Tremback

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 117, Issue 4 (April 1989) pp. 765-783

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0765:ACMOMC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A composite analysis technique is used to investigate the evolution of mesoscale features of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs). The early stage of the MCC lifecycle is characterized by convergence, vertical motion and heating being centered ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1576 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

A Stochastic Electrical Model of an Infinite Cloud: Charge Generation and Precipitation Development

William D. Scott, Zev Levin

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 32, Issue 9 (September 1975) pp. 1814-1828

Abstract

A stochastic numerical cloud model is used to investigate simultaneously growth of precipitation, the formation of electrical charges on the particles, and the development of the ambient electric field utilizing the polarization charging ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1039 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

 

Scavenging Prediction Using Ratios of Concentrations in Air and Precipitation

Rudolf J. Engelmann

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 10, Issue 3 (June 1971) pp. 493-497

Abstract

The ratios of the concentrations of SO2 and of water vapor in precipitation to those in air on a mass basis are in the range 19 to 500. For particulates, the ratio usually falls in the range 290 to 2700. The ratio varies inversely with mixing ...

[Abstract] [PDF (392 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Error Propagation of Remote Sensing Rainfall Estimates in Soil Moisture Prediction from a Land Surface Model

Efthymios Serpetzoglou, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Viviana Maggioni

Journal of Hydrometeorology

Volume 11, Issue 3 (June 2010) pp. 705-720

doi: 10.1175/2009JHM1166.1

Abstract

The study presents an in-depth investigation of the properties of remotely sensed rainfall error propagation in the prediction of near-surface soil moisture from a land surface model (LSM). Specifically, two error sources are compared: rainfall ...

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Effects of Relative Humidity on the Coalescence of Small Precipitation Drops in Free Fall

Harry T. Ochs III, Kenneth V. Beard, Neil F. Laird, Donna J. Holdridge, Daniel E. Schaufelberger

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 52, Issue 21 (November 1995) pp. 3673-3680

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3673:EORHOT>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Observations of the effects of relative humidity on coalescence are limited to studies using supported drops or streams of drops, and the results are contradictory. In this paper, findings are presented on the effect of high and low relative ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1008 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Numerical Simulation of Deep Tropical Convection Associated with Large-Scale Convergence

Frank B. Lipps, Richard S. Hemler

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 43, Issue 17 (September 1986) pp. 1796-1816

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1796:NSODTC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A set of four-hour simulations has been carried out to study deep moist convection characteristic of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The present model includes warm rain bulk cloud physics and ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1714 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part III: Simulated Microphysical Budgets and Sensitivity Studies

Brian A. Colle, Matthew F. Garvert, Justin B. Wolfe, Clifford F. Mass, Christopher P. Woods

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 62, Issue 10 (October 2005) pp. 3535-3558

Abstract

This paper investigates the microphysical pathways and sensitivities within the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization (BMP) of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (3436 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Cloud-to-Ground Lightning and Surface Rainfall during the Great Flood of 1993

Nicole M. Kempf, E. Philip Krider

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 131, Issue 6 (June 2003) pp. 1140-1149

doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1140:CLASRD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

Relationships between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, as reported by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and surface rainfall, as reported by National Weather Service (NWS) cooperative observers, have been examined during the “...

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Embedded Cellular Convection in Moist Flow past Topography

Oliver Fuhrer, Christoph Schär

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 62, Issue 8 (August 2005) pp. 2810-2828

Abstract

Marginally unstable air masses impinging upon a mountain ridge may lead to the development of a nominally stratiform orographic cloud with shallow embedded convection. Rainfall amounts and distribution are then strongly influenced by the ...

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Airflow and Moisture Budget Beneath a Northeast Colorado Hailstorm

G. B. Foote, J. C. Fankhauser

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 1973) pp. 1330-1353

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<1330:AAMBBA>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A case study is presented of a persistent thunderstorm of moderate intensity which occurred in northeast Colorado, and which produced a light hailfall at the ground. The storm was intensively monitored by aircraft, radar, dropsondes, and surface ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1987 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

The 12/13 January 1988 Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband Observed during MFDP/FRONTS 87. Part II: Microphysics

Virginie Marécal, Danièle Hauser, Frank Roux

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 50, Issue 7 (April 1993) pp. 975-998

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0975:TJNCFR>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

The microphysics of a narrow cold-frontal rainband (NCFR) observed during the MFDP/FRONTS87 experiment is investigated by using a microphysical retrieval model. The equations of evolution of the water substance and of the temperature are solved ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1762 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Chaff Seeding Effects in a Dynamical-Electrical Cloud Model

John H. Helsdon Jr.

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volume 19, Issue 9 (September 1980) pp. 1101-1125

doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<1101:CSEIAD>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

A two-dimensional, slab-symmetric, time-dependent cloud model has been devised to simulate deep convection in the atmosphere. The dynamics and thermodynamics of deep convection are prescribed and the microphysics of the liquid phase is ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1869 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Improving Simulations of Convective Systems from TRMM LBA: Easterly and Westerly Regimes

S. Lang, W-K. Tao, J. Simpson, R. Cifelli, S. Rutledge, W. Olson, J. Halverson

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 64, Issue 4 (April 2007) pp. 1141-1164

doi: 10.1175/JAS3879.1

Abstract

The 3D Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model is used to simulate two convective events observed during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere (TRMM LBA) experiment in Brazil. These two events epitomized the type of ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (2855 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Incorporation of Cloud-Scale and Mesoscale Downdrafts into a Cumulus Parameterization: Results of One- and Three-Dimensional Integrations

John Molinari, Tom Corsetti

Monthly Weather Review

Volume 113, Issue 4 (April 1985) pp. 485-501

Abstract

Cumulus and mesoscale downdrafts are incorporated into the cumulus parameterization of Kuo. Convection is driven by grid-scale moisture supply, and distributed vertically by temperature and specific humidity differences between the environment ...

[Abstract] [PDF (1358 KB)] [Add to Favorites]  

 

Sensitivity of Orographic Precipitation to Changing Ambient Conditions and Terrain Geometries: An Idealized Modeling Perspective

Brian A. Colle

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volume 61, Issue 5 (March 2004) pp. 588-606

doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0588:SOOPTC>2.0.CO;2

Abstract

This paper utilizes the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) mesoscale model (MM5) in a two-dimensional (2D) configuration at 4-km horizontal grid spacing in order to better understand ...

[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (917 KB)] [Add to Favorites]