key: satellite cloud rain efficiency in ‘abstract’ 73件
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Factors Responsible for
Precipitation Efficiencies in Midlatitude and
Tropical Squall Simulations Brad Schoenberg
Ferrier, Joanne Simpson, Wei-Kuo Tao Monthly Weather Review Volume 124, Issue 10 (October 1996) pp.
2100-2125 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2100:FRFPEI>2.0.CO;2
Different definitions of storm
precipitation efficiency were investigated from numerical simulators of
convective systems in widely varying ambient conditions using a
two-dimensional cloud model with sophisticated ice microphysics. The model
... [Abstract] [PDF (2442 KB)] [Add to Favorites]
中緯度・熱帯のスコール再現計算における降水効率を決定する要素 降水効率を異なる定義で調べた。使ったのは対流の再現計算で、氷の微物理は診断的に考慮する（氷晶核の発生を気温だけで決めるのではなく、他の要素も考慮する？）2次元の雲モデルをもちいた。周囲の環境はいろいろ変えることができる。モデルの結果から上昇流の傾きが、この傾きは鉛直シアで制御されているのだが、周囲の水蒸気量が降水効率を決める重要な要素である。5/10’11 |
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Estimation of Oceanic
Precipitation Efficiency in Cloud Models Chung-Hsiung Sui, Xiaofan Li, Ming-Jen Yang, Hsiao-Ling Huang Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 62, Issue 12 (December 2005) pp.
4358-4370
Precipitation efficiency is estimated
based on vertically integrated budgets of water vapor and clouds using hourly
data from both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)
cloud-resolving simulations. The 2D cloud-resolving model is forced ... [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (1826
KB)] [Add to Favorites]
モデル 鉛直積分した水蒸気量、雲水量による降水効率を２Dおよび３Dの雲解像度モデルで評価した。2次元モデルはTOGA-COAREの観測値から求めた強制力を与え、3次元モデルはMM5を用いている。1時間単位の水蒸気量、雲水量の収支から（２Dの結果）、地表での蒸発量・収束した鉛直積分水蒸気量がすべて（？全体として？）、雲・降水に変化していた。この結果は領域平均の大きさによらなかった。したがって、大規模降水でも雲物理スケールの降水でも統計的に効率は等価である、といえる。さらに、雲・降水が収束（発散)すると、降水効率は増加(減少)することが示された。弱い雨で100%を超える降水効率は、周囲の大気から雲・降水粒子が収束した結果生まれる。時間スケールでの解析では、台風の3次元解析の結果が、熱帯域の対流システムを再現した２Dの結果を支持した。5/11’11 |
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Rain Enhancement and Fog
Elimination by Seeding with Charged Droplets. Part I: Theory and Numerical
Simulations A. Khain, V. Arkhipov, M. Pinsky, Y. Feldman, Ya Ryabov Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 43, Issue 10 (October 2004) pp. 1513-1529 doi: 10.1175/JAM2131.1 A new method of droplet collision
acceleration, with the purpose of rain enhancement and fog elimination, is
proposed. According to the method, some fraction of the droplets is taken
from clouds (or fog) themselves, charged, and then injected ... [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF (923 KB)]
[Add to Favorites]
粒子の衝突を加速する技術を提案する。目的は、降水量の増加・霧の消失である。 雲の粒径分布として狭い分布を与えて、自然状態と種まきした場合を再現計算した。自然状態としては降水が発生しないが、種まきを実施すると降水が発生する。5/9’11 キーワード：charge, rain enhancement |
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Collision Efficiency of Drops
in a M. Pinsky, A. Khain, M. Shapiro Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 58, Issue 7 (April 2001) pp. 742-764 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0742:CEODIA>2.0.CO;2
An approach is developed enabling one
to calculate the collision efficiency and the collision kernel within a wide
range of the Reynolds numbers (from 0 to 100) corresponding to drops up to
300-μm radii. The flow velocity field induced by falling ... |
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Statistical Effects in the
Evolution of a Distribution of Cloud Droplets by Coalescence S. Twomey Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 21, Issue 5 (September 1964) pp.
553-557 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0553:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2
Several years ago Telford pointed out
that the simplest coalescence model, in which a small group of droplets grew
with unit collection efficiency by collecting droplets of half their volume,
did not remain bimodal but that the statistical ... |
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Use of High-Resolution
Satellite Observations to Evaluate Cloud and Precipitation Statistics from
Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations. Part I: Y. P. Zhou, W.-K. Tao, A. Y. Hou, W. S. Olson, C.-L. Shie, K.-M. Lau, M.-D. Chou, X. Lin, M. Grecu Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 64, Issue 12 (December 2007) pp.
4309-4329 doi: 10.1175/2007JAS2281.1
Cloud and precipitation simulated using
the three-dimensional (3D) Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model are compared
to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and
Precipitation Radar (PR) rainfall measurements and ... |
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A Tropical Squall Line
Observed during the COPT 81 Experiment in Michel Chong, Daniele Hauser Monthly Weather Review Volume 117, Issue 4 (April 1989) pp. 728-744 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0728:ATSLOD>2.0.CO;2
The relative contributions of the
different processes involved in the water budget of the 22 June 1981 tropical
squall line are investigated. The kinematic and thermodynamic fields derived
from Doppler radar data are used to calculate the sources ... |
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The Effects of van der Waals Attractions on Cloud Droplet Growth by
Coalescence Jan R. Rogers, Robert H. Davis Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 47, Issue 9 (May 1990) pp. 1075-1080 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1075:TEOVDW>2.0.CO;2
The inclusion of van der Waals attractions in the interaction between cloud droplets
has been recently shown to significantly increase the collision efficiencies
of the smaller droplets. In the current work, these larger values for the
collision ... |
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Warm-Rain Initiation: An
Overview of Microphysical Mechanisms Kenneth V. Beard, Harry T. Ochs III Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 32, Issue 4 (April 1993) pp. 608-625 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0608:WRIAOO>2.0.CO;2
Rain triggering mechanisms are
evaluated in three microphysical steps: droplet activation on cloud
condensation nuclei, droplet growth by condensation, and droplet growth by
coalescence. Although considerable progress has been made since the ... |
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Microphysical Scaling
Relations in a Kinematic Model of Isolated Shallow Cumulus Clouds Axel Seifert, Bjorn Stevens Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 67, Issue 5 (May 2010) pp. 1575-1590 doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3319.1
The rain formation in shallow cumulus
clouds by condensational growth and collision–coalescence of liquid drops is
revisited with the aim of understanding the controls on precipitation
efficiency for idealized cloud drafts. For the purposes of ... |
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Thunderstorm Cloud
Height–Rainfall Rate Relations for Use with Satellite Rainfall Estimation
Techniques Robert F. Adler, Robert A. Mack Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology Volume 23, Issue 2 (February 1984) pp.
280-296 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0280:TCHRRF>2.0.CO;2
Observational studies of thunderstorm
cloud height-rainfall rate and cloud height-volume rainfall rate relations
are reviewed with significant variations being noted among climatological regimes. Analysis of the |
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Vertical Mass Transport in
Cumulonimbus Clouds on Day 261 of GATE Cecil S. Lo, Wm R. Barchet, David W. Martin Monthly Weather Review Volume 110, Issue 12 (December 1982) pp.
1994-2004 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1994:VMTICC>2.0.CO;2
The model of Sikdar,
for inferring upward transport of mass in a cumulonimbus cloud from expansion
of the anvil in a satellite picture sequence, is refined and tested. In the
present mass transport model, the anvil is configured as a stack of ... |
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Rain Production in Convective
Clouds as Simulated in an Axisymmetric Model with
Detailed Microphysics. Part II: Effects of Varying Drops and Ice Initiation Tamir Reisin, Zev Levin, Shalva Tzivion Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 53, Issue 13 (July 1996) pp.
1815-1837 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1815:RPICCA>2.0.CO;2
This paper presents an evaluation of
the relative importance of the warm versus cold processes in convective
clouds and their relative contribution to the development of rain. For this
purpose, an axisymmetrical model of a cold
convective cloud ... |
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Particle Growth and Drop
Collection Efficiency of Warm Clouds as Inferred from Joint CloudSat and MODIS Observations Kentaroh Suzuki, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Graeme L. Stephens Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 67, Issue 9 (September 2010) pp.
3019-3032 doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3463.1
This study describes an approach for
combining CloudSat and Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite
observations to investigate the microphysical processes of warm clouds on the
global scale. MODIS column optical thickness ... |
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Influence of Cloud
Condensation Nuclei on Orographic Snowfall Stephen M. Saleeby, William R. Cotton, Douglas Lowenthal, Randolph D. Borys, Melanie A. Wetzel Journal of Applied Meteorology and
Climatology Volume 48, Issue 5 (May 2009) pp. 903-922 doi: 10.1175/2008JAMC1989.1
Pollution aerosols acting as cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN) have the potential to alter warm rain clouds via
the aerosol first and second indirect effects in which they modify the cloud
droplet population, cloud lifetime and size, rainfall ... |
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Cloud Condensation Nuclei James G. Hudson Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 32, Issue 4 (April 1993) pp. 596-607 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0596:CCN>2.0.CO;2
The state of knowledge of the
particles upon which liquid droplets condense to form atmospheric water clouds
is presented. The realization of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) as a
distinct aerosol subset originated with the cloud microphysical ... |
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RAIN SCAVENGING OF RADIOACTIVE
PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE ATMOSPHERE S. M. Greenfield Journal of Meteorology Volume 14, Issue 2 (April 1957) pp. 115-125 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0115:RSORPM>2.0.CO;2
On the basis of Langmuir's theory of
collection efficiencies, a model is derived to explain the removal of
radioactive particulate matter from the atmosphere by rain. In this
connection, Langmuir's collection efficiencies are modified to take ... |
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THE PRODUCTION OF RAIN BY A
CHAIN REACTION IN CUMULUS CLOUDS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE FREEZING Irving Langmuir Journal of Meteorology Volume 5, Issue 5 (October 1948) pp. 175-192 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0175:TPORBA>2.0.CO;2
The effect of surface tension in
causing the evaporation of the smaller droplets in clouds with simultaneous
growth of the larger droplets is an important factor determining the early
stages of cumulus cloud droplets. The process is too slow to ... |
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Analysis of Recording Raingage Data for the Israeli II Experiment. Part I:
Effects of Cloud Seeding on the Components of Daily Rainfall Abraham Gagin, K. Ruben Gabriel Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology Volume 26, Issue 8 (August 1987) pp. 913-921
Earlier Published analyses of the
second Israeli randomized experiment (1969–75) were restricted to 24-h data;
this paper provides more details which are based on continuous time data from
recording raingages. The present analyses confirm
that ... |
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Two-Time-Level Semi-Lagrangian Modeling of Precipitating Clouds Wojciech W. Grabowski, Piotr K. Smolarkiewicz Monthly Weather Review Volume 124, Issue 3 (March 1996) pp. 487-497 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0487:TTLSLM>2.0.CO;2
This paper discusses two-time-level
semi-Lagrangian approximations for the bulk
warm-rain microphysics embedded in the framework of an anelastic
cloud model. The central theoretical issue is a semi-Lagrangian
integration of the rain-evolution ... |
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Numerical Simulation of Warm
Rain Development in an Axisymmetric Cloud Model Su-Tzai Soong Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 31, Issue 5 (July 1974) pp. 1262-1285 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1262:NSOWRD>2.0.CO;2
An axisymmetric
warm cloud model including 36 classes of droplets from 1 to 4096 μm is developed. A reference spectrum is prescribed for
the formation of droplets around condensation nuclei. Other microphysical
processes incorporated in the model ... |
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Possible Influence of
Evaporation Below Cloud Base on Rain Enhancement H. P. Roesli, J. Joss, M. Schüepp Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 13, Issue 7 (October 1974) pp.
783-787 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0783:PIOEBC>2.0.CO;2
The possibility is discussed that
evaporation in the subcloud layer might be a major
factor controlling the efficiency of rain enhancement by seeding, under the
simplistic assumption that seeded clouds produce larger proportions of small
... |
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A Theoretical Study of the Wet
Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants. Part V: The Uptake, Redistribution, and
Deposition of (NM4)4SO4 by a Convective
Cloud Containing Ice Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 52, Issue 11 (June 1995) pp.
2121-2132 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2121:ATSOTW>2.0.CO;2
The effects of an ice phase on the
wet deposition of aerosol particles was studied by means of the authors’ 2D
cloud dynamics model with spectral microphysics applied to the Cooperative
Convective Precipitation Experiment in Miles City, Montana, ... |
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Surface Mesoscale
Features as Potential Storm Predictors in the AndréA. Doneaud, James R. Miller Jr., David L. Priegnitz, Lakshmana Viswanath Monthly Weather Review Volume 111, Issue 2 (February 1983) pp.
273-292 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0273:SMFAPS>2.0.CO;2
Two mesoscale
case studies in the semi-arid climate of southeastern |
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An Analysis of In-Cloud
Scavenging A. Nelson Dingle, Yean Lee Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 1973) pp.
1295-1302 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<1295:AAOICS>2.0.CO;2
The fate of airborne contaminants
that enter a cloud with an overriding rain, independently generated, is
considered by means of three differential equations which express the overall
mass conservation of contaminant. The model incorporates the ... |
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EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC FIELDS ON
WATER-DROPLET COALESCENCE G. G. Goyer, J. E. McDonald, F. Baer, R. R. Braham Jr. Journal of Meteorology Volume 17, Issue 4 (August 1960) pp. 442-445 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1960)017<0442:EOEFOW>2.0.CO;2
Growth of incipient precipitation
particles by collision and coalescence with cloud droplets is one of the
primary mechanisms of natural rain. Comparison of previous research shows
wide divergence between various theoretical and laboratory values ... |
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Computationally Efficient
Approximations to Stratiform Cloud Microphysics
Parameterization Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter Monthly Weather Review Volume 120, Issue 8 (August 1992) pp.
1572-1582 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1572:CEATSC>2.0.CO;2
Bulk cloud microphysics
parameterizations typically employ time steps of a few tens of seconds.
Although the computational burden of these parameterizations is acceptable
for the 1-day mesoscale cloud simulations for which
they were designed, the ... |
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Statistical analysis of aerosol
effects on simulated mixed-phase clouds and precipitation in the Elias M. Zubler, Ulrike Lohmann, Daniel Lüthi, Christoph Schär, Andreas Muhlbauer Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 0, Issue 0 ( ) pp.
Increasing the aerosol number in
warm-phase clouds is thought to decrease the rain formation rate, whereas the
physical processes taking place in mixed-phase clouds are more uncertain.
Increasing number concentrations of soluble aerosols may ... |
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An Evaluation of the Proposed Mechanism
of the Adaptive Infrared Iris Hypothesis Using TRMM VIRS and PR
Measurements Anita D. Rapp, Christian Kummerow, Wesley Berg, Brian Griffith Journal of Climate Volume 18, Issue 20 (October 2005) pp.
4185-4194
Significant controversy surrounds the
adaptive infrared iris hypothesis put forth by Lindzen
et al., whereby tropical anvil cirrus detrainment is hypothesized to decrease
with increasing sea surface temperature (SST). This dependence would act as
... |
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Dimension Characteristics and
Precipitation Efficiency of Cumulonimbus Clouds in the Region Far South from
the Mei-Yu Front over the Eastern Asian Continent Yukari Shusse, Kazuhisa Tsuboki Monthly Weather Review Volume 134, Issue 7 (July 2006) pp.
1942-1953 doi: 10.1175/MWR3159.1
Dimension characteristics in
precipitation properties of cumulonimbus clouds are basic parameters in
understanding the vertical transport of water vapor in the atmosphere. In
this study, the dimension characteristics and precipitation efficiency ... |
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Drop Inertia and Its
Contribution to Turbulent Coalescence in Convective Clouds. Part I: Drop Fall
in the Flow with Random Horizontal Velocity A. P. Khain, M. B. Pinsky Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 52, Issue 2 (January 1995) pp.
196-206 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0196:DIAICT>2.0.CO;2
The results of simulated drop fall in
horizontal flows with the vertical shear of different kinds (constant linear,
periodic, and with random velocity distribution) are presented. It is shown
that the inertia of drops is significant enough to ... |
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Precipitation Development in
Natural and Seeded Cumulus Clouds in D. R. Hudak, R. List Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 27, Issue 6 (June 1988) pp. 734-756 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0734:PDINAS>2.0.CO;2
The development of precipitation was
studied in southern |
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Characterization of
Precipitating Clouds by Ground-Based Measurements with the Triple-Frequency
Polarized Microwave Radiometer ADMIRARI Alessandro Battaglia, Pablo Saavedra, Thomas Rose, Clemens Simmer Journal of Applied Meteorology and
Climatology Volume 49, Issue 3 (March 2010) pp. 394-414 doi: 10.1175/2009JAMC2340.1
A groundbreaking new-concept multiwavelength dual-polarized Advanced Microwave
Radiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) has been built and continuously
operated in two field campaigns: the Convective and Orographically
Induced Precipitation ... |
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Microphysical and Geometrical
Controls on the Pattern of Orographic Precipitation Gerard H. Roe, Marcia B. Baker Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 63, Issue 3 (March 2006) pp. 861-880 doi: 10.1175/JAS3619.1
Patterns of orographic
precipitation can vary significantly both in time and space, and such
variations must ultimately be related to mountain geometry, cloud
microphysics, and synoptic conditions. Here an extension of the classic
upslope model ... |
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A Melting-Layer Model for
Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications. Part I: Model
Formulation and Comparison with Observations William S. Olson, Peter Bauer, Nicolas F. Viltard, Daniel E. Johnson, Wei-Kuo Tao, Robert Meneghini, Liang Liao Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 40, Issue 7 (July 2001) pp. 1145-1163 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1145:AMLMFP>2.0.CO;2
In this study, a 1D steady-state
microphysical model that describes the vertical distribution of melting
precipitation particles is developed. The model is driven by the ice-phase
precipitation distributions just above the freezing level at ... |
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Cloud Condensation Nuclei and their
Possible Influence on Precipitation B. Terliuc, A. Gagin Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 10, Issue 3 (June 1971) pp. 474-481
Measurements of cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN) conducted both from the ground and from an instrumented aircraft
during two winter seasons, utilizing a thermal diffusion chamber, suggest
that.
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The Effects of Small-Scale Turbulent Motions on the
Growth of a Cloud Droplet Spectrum Fausto Carlos de Almeida Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 36, Issue 8 (August 1979) pp. 1557-1563 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1557:TEOSST>2.0.CO;2
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Mesoanalysis of the Big Thompson Storm Fernando Caracena, Robert A. Maddox, L. Ray Hoxit, Charles F. Chappell Monthly Weather Review Volume 107, Issue 1 (January 1979) pp. 1-17 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0001:MOTBTS>2.0.CO;2
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Analysis of Recording Raingage
Data for the Israeli II Experiment. Part II: Differential Day and Night
Effects of Cloud Seeding K. Ruben Gabriel, Abraham Gagin Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology Volume 26, Issue 8 (August 1987) pp. 922-926
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Hydrologic evaluation of rainfall estimates from radar,
satellite, gauge, and combinations on Ft. Cobb basin, Oklahoma Jonathan J. Gourley, Yang Hong, Zachary L. Flamig, Jiahu Wang, Humberto Vergara, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou Journal of Hydrometeorology Volume 0, Issue 0 ( ) pp. doi: 10.1175/2011JHM1287.1
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Influences of Storm-Embedded Orographic
Gravity Waves on Cloud Liquid Water and Precipitation Roger F. Reinking, Jack B. Snider, Janice L. Coen Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 39, Issue 6 (June 2000) pp. 733-759 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0733:IOSEOG>2.0.CO;2
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Results of the South African Cloud-Seeding Experiments
Using Hygroscopic Flares G. K. Mather, D. E. Terblanche, F. E. Steffens, L. Fletcher Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 36, Issue 11 (November 1997) pp. 1433-1447 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1433:ROTSAC>2.0.CO;2
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Collision, Coalescence and Breakup of Raindrops. Part
II: Parameterization of Fragment Size Distributions T. B. Low, Roland List Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 39, Issue 7 (July 1982) pp. 1607-1619 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1607:CCABOR>2.0.CO;2
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Collisions between Small Precipitation Drops. Part III:
Laboratory Measurements at Reduced Pressure Kenneth V. Beard, Harry T. Ochs III, Song Liu Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 58, Issue 11 (June 2001) pp. 1395-1408 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1395:CBSPDP>2.0.CO;2
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Improved Accuracy of Radar WPMM Estimated Rainfall upon
Application of Objective Classification Criteria Daniel Rosenfeld, Eyal Amitai, David B. Wolff Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 34, Issue 1 (January 1995) pp. 212-223 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.212
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Classification of Rain Regimes by the Three-Dimensional
Properties of Reflectivity Fields Daniel Rosenfeld, Eyal Amitai, David B. Wolff Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 34, Issue 1 (January 1995) pp. 198-211 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0198:CORRBT>2.0.CO;2
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An Airborne Precipitation Collector Wayne E. Bradley, Gordon E. Martin Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 6, Issue 4 (August 1967) pp. 717-723
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The Second Israeli Randomized Cloud Seeding Experiment:
Evaluation of the Results A. Gagin, J. Neumann Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 20, Issue 11 (November 1981) pp. 1301-1311 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1301:TSIRCS>2.0.CO;2
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A Warm Rain Microphysics Parameterization that Includes
the Effect of Turbulence Charmaine N. Franklin Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 65, Issue 6 (June 2008) pp. 1795-1816 doi: 10.1175/2007JAS2556.1
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The Evolution of Drop Spectra Due to Condensation,
Coalescence and Breakup Kenneth C. Young Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 32, Issue 5 (May 1975) pp. 965-973 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0965:TEODSD>2.0.CO;2
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Mesoscale Convective System Rainfall in
the Vincent Mathon, Henri Laurent, Thierry Lebel Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 41, Issue 11 (November 2002) pp. 1081-1092 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1081:MCSRIT>2.0.CO;2
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Tropical Plumes over Eastern North Africa as a Source
of Rain in the Shira Rubin, Baruch Ziv, Nathan Paldor Monthly Weather Review Volume 135, Issue 12 (December 2007) pp. 4135-4148 doi: 10.1175/2007MWR1919.1
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Estimate of Precipitation from the Dual-Beam Airborne Radars
in TOGA COARE. Part II: Precipitation Efficiency in the 9 February 1993 MCS Stéphane Oury, Xiankang Dou, Jacques Testud Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 39, Issue 12 (December 2000) pp. 2371-2384 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<2371:EOPFTD>2.0.CO;2
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A Cloud and Precipitation Feature Database from Nine
Years of TRMM Observations Chuntao Liu, Edward J. Zipser, Daniel J. Cecil, Stephen W. Nesbitt, Steven Sherwood Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Volume 47, Issue 10 (October 2008) pp. 2712-2728 doi: 10.1175/2008JAMC1890.1
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The Detection of Silver in Rain Water from Cloud
Seeding Experiments in J. A. Warburton Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 2, Issue 5 (October 1963) pp. 569-573 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1963)002<0569:TDOSIR>2.0.CO;2
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Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands
to Ice-Phase Microphysics Charmaine N. Franklin, Greg J. Holland, Peter T. May Monthly Weather Review Volume 133, Issue 8 (August 2005) pp. 2473-2493 doi: 10.1175/MWR2989.1
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A Double-Moment Multiple-Phase Four-Class Bulk Ice
Scheme. Part II: Simulations of Convective Storms in Different Large-Scale
Environments and Comparisons with other Bulk Parameterizations Brad Schoenberg Ferrier, Wei-Kuo Tao, Joanne Simpson Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 52, Issue 8 (April 1995) pp. 1001-1033 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1001:ADMMPF>2.0.CO;2
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Ice–Ice Collisions: An Ice Multiplication Process in
Atmospheric Clouds J.-I. Yano, V. T. J. Phillips Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 68, Issue 2 (February 2011) pp. 322-333 doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3607.1
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A Composite Model of Mesoscale
Convective Complexes William R. Cotton, Ming-Sen Lin, Ray L. McAnelly, Craig J. Tremback Monthly Weather Review Volume 117, Issue 4 (April 1989) pp. 765-783 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0765:ACMOMC>2.0.CO;2
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A Stochastic Electrical Model of an Infinite Cloud:
Charge Generation and Precipitation Development William D. Scott, Zev Levin Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 32, Issue 9 (September 1975) pp. 1814-1828
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Scavenging Prediction Using Ratios of Concentrations in
Air and Precipitation Rudolf J. Engelmann Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 10, Issue 3 (June 1971) pp. 493-497
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Error Propagation of Remote Sensing Rainfall Estimates
in Soil Moisture Prediction from a Land Surface Model Efthymios Serpetzoglou, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Viviana Maggioni Journal of Hydrometeorology Volume 11, Issue 3 (June 2010) pp. 705-720 doi: 10.1175/2009JHM1166.1
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Effects of Relative Humidity on the Coalescence of
Small Precipitation Drops in Free Fall Harry T. Ochs III, Kenneth V. Beard, Neil F. Laird, Donna J. Holdridge, Daniel E. Schaufelberger Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 52, Issue 21 (November 1995) pp. 3673-3680 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3673:EORHOT>2.0.CO;2
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Numerical Simulation of Deep Tropical Convection
Associated with Large-Scale Convergence Frank B. Lipps, Richard S. Hemler Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 43, Issue 17 (September 1986) pp. 1796-1816 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1796:NSODTC>2.0.CO;2
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The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part III:
Simulated Microphysical Budgets and Sensitivity Studies Brian A. Colle, Matthew F. Garvert, Justin B. Wolfe, Clifford F. Mass, Christopher P. Woods Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 62, Issue 10 (October 2005) pp. 3535-3558
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Cloud-to-Ground Lightning and Surface Rainfall during
the Great Flood of 1993 Nicole M. Kempf, E. Philip Krider Monthly Weather Review Volume 131, Issue 6 (June 2003) pp. 1140-1149 doi:
10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1140:CLASRD>2.0.CO;2
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Embedded Cellular Convection in Moist Flow past
Topography Oliver Fuhrer, Christoph Schär Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 62, Issue 8 (August 2005) pp. 2810-2828
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Airflow and Moisture Budget Beneath a G. B. Foote, J. C. Fankhauser Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 1973) pp. 1330-1353 doi:
10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<1330:AAMBBA>2.0.CO;2
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The 12/13 January 1988 Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband Observed during MFDP/FRONTS 87. Part II:
Microphysics Virginie Marécal, Danièle Hauser, Frank Roux Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 50, Issue 7 (April 1993) pp. 975-998 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0975:TJNCFR>2.0.CO;2
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Chaff Seeding Effects in a Dynamical-Electrical Cloud
Model John H. Helsdon
Jr. Journal of Applied Meteorology Volume 19, Issue 9 (September 1980) pp. 1101-1125 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<1101:CSEIAD>2.0.CO;2
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Improving Simulations of Convective Systems from TRMM
LBA: Easterly and Westerly Regimes S. Lang, W-K. Tao, J. Simpson, R. Cifelli, S. Rutledge, W. Olson, J. Halverson Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 64, Issue 4 (April 2007) pp. 1141-1164 doi: 10.1175/JAS3879.1
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Incorporation of Cloud-Scale and Mesoscale
Downdrafts into a Cumulus Parameterization: Results of One- and
Three-Dimensional Integrations John Molinari, Tom Corsetti Monthly Weather Review Volume 113, Issue 4 (April 1985) pp. 485-501
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Sensitivity of Orographic
Precipitation to Changing Ambient Conditions and Terrain Geometries: An
Idealized Modeling Perspective Brian A. Colle Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 61, Issue 5 (March 2004) pp. 588-606 doi:
10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0588:SOOPTC>2.0.CO;2
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