ETACSNOW.DOC
1. TITLE
1.1 Data Set Identification.
Global Snow Depth
(Monthly ; USAF/ETAC)
1.2 Data Base Table Name.
Not applicable.
1.3 CD-ROM File Name.
\DATA\SN_ICSST\SNOW\ETAC\ETACmm.sfx
Note: capital letters indicate fixed values that appear on the CD-ROM
exactly as shown here, lower case indicates characters (values) that
change for each path and file.
The format used for the filenames is: ETACmm.sfx, where mm is the month
of the year (e.g., 12=December). The filename extension (.sfx),
identifies the data set content for the file (see Section 8.2) and is
equal to .ESD for this data set.
1.4 Revision Date Of This Document.
April 5, 1995.
2. INVESTIGATOR(S)
2.1 Investigator(s) Name And Title.
Dudley J. Foster, Jr. and Robert D. Davy
USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center (USAF/ETAC).
2.2 Title Of Investigation.
USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center Global Snow
Depth Climatology.
2.3 Contacts (For Data Production Information).
_____________________________________________________________________________
| | Contact 1 | Contact 2 | Contact 3 |
|______________|____________________|_____________________|__________________|
|2.3.1 Name |Mr.Dudley J. Foster |Mr. Robert D. Davy |Dr. David Robinson|
|2.3.2 Address |USAF/ETAC |USAF/ETAC |Rutgers University|
| |Technical Data Sect.|Technical Data Sect. |Geography Dept. |
| City/St.|Asheville, NC |Asheville, NC |New Brunswick, NJ |
| Zip Code|28801-2723 |28801-2723 |08903 |
|2.3.3 Tel. |(704) 259-0216 |(704) 259-0216 |(908) 932-4741 |
|2.3.4 Email |None |None |drobins@gandalf. |
| | | |rutgers.edu |
|______________|____________________|_____________________|__________________|
2.4 Requested Form of Acknowledgment.
Please cite the following publication when these data are used:
Foster, D.J. and R.D. Davy, 1988. Global Snow Depth Climatology,
USAFETAC/TN-88/006, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 48 p.
3. INTRODUCTION
3.1 Objective/Purpose.
Create a global mid-monthly mean snow depth climatology with highest
resolution possible using all available station data for the months of
September through June.
3.2 Summary of Parameters.
Mean mid-monthly snow depths measured in inches.
3.3 Discussion.
Following an extensive literature search, snow depth data were obtained
from as many sources as possible, worldwide. A full bibliography of the
data sources is contained in the document USAF/ETAC/TN-88/006 Global Snow
Depth Climatology and in section 10.2.2, 12.1 and 12.2 of this document.
Each data source is rated according to a high, fair, or low confidence
level. Data from the numerous sources were plotted on hemispheric maps
by month and the maps were manually analyzed. Data were gridded to an
"eighth mesh" reference grid. This grid divides the hemispheres into 64
equal boxes and each box is divided into 4,096 grid points that are 25
nautical miles (46 km) apart. More information on the eighth grid can be
found in Hoke et al., 1979. A mid-month-snow depth value to the nearest
whole inch was assigned to each box. Each grid value was compared from
month to month to insure temporal consistency of the data. The complete
grid was then digitized. In certain data sparse areas such as
Antarctica, Greenland, China, and various mountain areas, special
methodologies were developed to provide mean snow depths. These methods
are described in the Foster and Davy, 1988. The data were regridded and
converted to metric units at the GSFC DAAC.
4. THEORY OF MEASUREMENTS
The snow depth values represent measurement derived from a variety of methods.
For more information on the measurements see the documents referenced in
section 10.2.2, 12.1 and 12.2 below. The data were analyzed by hand to an 8th
mesh grid. Note that these data relate to snowpack depth not Snow Water
Equivalent (SWE).
5. EQUIPMENT
5.1 Instrument Description.
5.1.1 Platform.
Ground.
5.1.2 Mission Objectives.
Create a global mid-monthly mean snow depth climatology with
highest resolution possible using all available station data for
the months of September through June.
5.1.3 Key Variables.
Snow depth.
5.1.4 Principles of Operation.
Manual measurement of the depth of snow accumulated on the ground
at a specific location.
5.1.5 Instrument Measurement Geometry.
Not applicable.
5.1.6 Manufacturer of Instrument.
Not applicable.
5.2 Calibration.
5.2.1 Specifications.
Not applicable.
5.2.1.1 Tolerance.
Nearest 2.54 cm.
5.2.2 Frequency of Calibration.
Not applicable.
5.2.3 Other Calibration Information.
None.
6. PROCEDURE
6.1 Data Acquisition Methods.
Following an extensive literature search, snow depth data were obtained
from as many sources as possible, worldwide. Data from the numerous
sources were plotted on hemispheric maps by month and the maps were
manually analyzed. Data were gridded to an "eighth mesh" reference grid
(approx. 46 km). A mid-month snow depth value to the nearest whole inch
was assigned to each box. Each grid value was compared from month to
month to insure temporal consistency of the data. The complete grid was
then digitized.
6.2 Spatial Characteristics.
Spatial resolution of the input data (station measurements) is highly
variable. Spatial resolution of the manually interpolated output data is
"eighth mesh" or approximately 46.3 km. The Goddard DAAC converted the
data from the 46.3 km polar projection to an equal-angle grid described
below. See section 9.3.1 for the regridding procedure.
6.2.1 Spatial Coverage.
The coverage is global. Data in each file are ordered from north
to south and from west to east beginning at 180 degrees west and
90 degrees north. Point (1,1) represents the grid cell centered
at 89.5 N and 179.5 W (see section 8.4).
6.2.2 Spatial Resolution.
The data are given in an equal-angle lat/long grid that has a
spatial resolution of 1 X 1 degree lat/long.
6.3 Temporal Characteristics.
6.3.1 Temporal Coverage.
This is a climatolgy data set, therefore it is not year specific.
6.3.2 Temporal Resolution.
Climatology represents an average snow depth value for mid-month.
7. OBSERVATIONS
7.1 Field Notes.
Not applicable.
8. DATA DESCRIPTION
8.1 Table Definition With Comments.
Not applicable.
8.2 Type of Data.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 8.2.1 | | | |
|Parameter/Variable Name | Snow depth | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | 8.2.2 | 8.2.3 | 8.2.4 | 8.2.5 |
| |Parameter/Variable Description |Range |Units | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|SNOW_DEPTH | | |Various |
| |Average mid-month snow depth. |min = 0 |[mm] |climate |
| | |max = 950 | |data sets |
| | |fill = -9999 | | |
| | | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.3 Sample Data Base Data Record.
Not applicable.
8.4 Data Format.
The CD-ROM file format is ASCII, and consists of numerical fields of
varying length, which are space delimited and arranged in columns and
rows. Each column contains 180 numerical values and each row contain 360
numerical values.
Grid arrangement
ARRAY(I,J)
I = 1 IS CENTERED AT 179.5W
I INCREASES EASTWARD BY 1 DEGREE
J = 1 IS CENTERED AT 89.5N
J INCREASES SOUTHWARD BY 1 DEGREE
90N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -
| (1,1) | (2,1) | (3,1) |
89N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -
| (1,2) | (2,2) | (3,2) |
88N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -
| (1,3) | (2,3) | (3,3) |
87N - | - - - | - - - | - - - |
180W 179W 178W 177W
ARRAY(360,180)
8.5 Related Data Sets.
NOAA/NESDIS Northern Hemsiphere Snow Cover data on this CD-ROM.
NMC/ECMWF Reanalysis Sea Ice data, on this CD-ROM.
9. DATA MANIPULATIONS
9.1 Formulas.
9.1.1 Derivation Techniques/Algorithms.
None.
9.2 Data Processing Sequence.
9.2.1 Processing Steps and Data Sets.
See Section 3.3.
9.2.2 Processing Changes.
None.
9.3 Calculations.
9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments.
The original data were in an 8th mesh grid. An 8th mesh grid can
be visualized as a global hemisphere overlayed by an 8 x 8 grid,
for a total of 64 grid boxes. Within each box, there are 64 x 64
points, totaling 4096 points of data values, approximately 46.3 km
apart. The Goddard DAAC utilized a routine developed by USAF
Ice/Snow group to assign a latitude and longitude to each of the
4096 points within each of the 64 boxes. These snow depth values
and their corresponding latitude and longitude were used to assign
each value to a 1 x 1 degree grid cell, maintaining a summation
and counter for any data values that fall within a grid cell.
Average snow depth values were then calculated for each grid cell.
The resulting 1 x 1 degree hemispheric grid of snow depth values
was then concatenated with the corresponding hemisphere of gridded
values for each month.
For latitudes higher than 65 deg. N and 65 deg. S, raw data
resolution exceeding the target resolution, resulting in empty
grids where data coverage should be continuous. The Goddard DAAC
used the spline technique for unequally spaced intervals to
interpolate the missing snow depth values. The software used to
perform this interpolation was provided by Dr. L. Bounoua
(NASA/GSFC, Code 923 (301 286-1406)).
The ISLSCP land/sea mask on this CD-ROM (LAND_SEA.MSK) was applied
to this data.
9.4 Graphs and Plots.
Contour plots of mean mid-monthly snow depths for September through June
for the Northern Hemisphere in the original 8th mesh grid format are
provided in Foster & Davey, 1988.
10. ERRORS
10.1 Sources of Error.
Not available.
10.2 Quality Assessment.
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source.
Not available.
10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment.
The confidence in sources for the USAF/ETAC Snow Depth data
varies by geographic location. Below is a comprehensive list of
regional sources. A confidence factor is included for each
region, which indicates the degree of confidence that can be
placed in the data produced for that region. The confidence
factors are explained as follows:
High Confidence: Summarized snow depth values were available,
and there were more than 5 years period of record.
Fair Confidence: Summarized snow depth values were limited;
discussion material was insufficient to produce a high degree of
confidence.
Low Confidence: Summarized snow depth values were not available,
and there was only limited discussion material.
AFRICA--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough here (except on the mountain peaks) to
maintain a mean monthly snow depth or attempt inclusion in this
study.
ALBANIA--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough here (except on the higher mountain
peaks) to maintain a mean monthly snow depth or attempt
inclusion in this study.
ANTARCTICA--Low Confidence. Snow depth was calculated in
Antarctica by dividing mean annual water equivalent by snow
density. Antarctic snow densities were acquired from a
literature search of sources.
Sources:
Bull, C., 1971. "Snow Accumulation in Antarctica Research in
Antarctica," Association Advancement Science, pp 367-421.
Cameron, R.L., 1964. "Glaciological studies at Wilkes Station,
Budd Coast, Antarctica," Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies--
American Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp
257-316.
Camerson, R.L., 1964. "Glaciological studies at Byrd Station,
Antarctica," 1963-65 Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies--
American Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp
127-156.
Giovinetto, M.B., 1964. "The drainage systems of Antarctic:
accumulation," Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies--American
Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp 127-156.
Heap, J.A. and A.S. Rundle, 1964. "Snow Accumulation on the Ross
Ice Shelf," Antarctica Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies--
American Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp
119-126.
Koerner, R.M., 1964. "Firm stratigraphy studies on the Byrd-
Whitmore Mountains traverse," 1962-63 Antarctic Snow and Ice
Studies--American Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research
Service, pp 219-236.
Koerner, R.M., 1971. "A stratigraphic method of determining the
snow accumulation rate at Plateau Station, Antarctica, and
application to South Pole-Queen Maud Land traverse 2, 1965-
66." Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies--American Geophysics
Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp 225-238.
Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, M. Pourchet, and L. Merlivant, 1982. "A
detailed study of snow accumulation and stable isotope
content in Dome C (Antarctica)," Journal of Geophysics
Research, pp 4301-4308.
Rusin, N.P., 1961. Meteorological and Radiational Regime of
Antarctica, Leningrad.
Schwerdtfeger, W., 1970. "The Climate of the Antarctic,' World
Survey of Climatology Volume 14, Climates of the Polar
Regions, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Taylor, L.D., 1971. "Glaciological studies on the South Pole
traverse," 1962-63 Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies, American
Geophysics Union, Antarctic Research Service, pp 37-64.
ARCTIC--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Petterssen, S., W.C. Jacobs, and B.C. Haynes, 1951. "The
Meteorology of the Arctic Region, Part 1," Encyclopedia
Arctica, Vol. VII.
Petterssen, S., W.C. Jacobs, and B.C. Haynes, 1956. Meteorology
of the Arctic, Chief of Naval Operations for Polar Projects,
Washington, D.C.
Schutz, C., L.D. Bregman, 1975. Global Snow Depth Data: A
Monthly Summary, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
AUSTRALIA--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Bureau of Meteorology, 1979. The Climate of Hobart, Tasmania,
Capital City Series, Australian Government Publishing
Service, Canberra.
Bureau of Meteorology, 1979. Climatic Survey, Sydney, Region 5
New South Wales, Australia Government Publishing Service,
Canberra.
Lansberg, H.E. (ed.), 1976. World Survey of Climatology Vol 13,
Climates of Australia and New Zealand, Elsevier Publishing
Co., Amsterdam.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1963. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 96, Australia, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
AUSTRIA--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
Air Ministry Meteorological Office, 1944, Meteorological Report
on the Alps, Supplement 1, London.
BELGIUM--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow depth.
BULGARIA--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1969. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 22-23, Romania and Bulgaria, sect. 23, Weather
and Climate, Washington D.C.
CANADA--High Confidence.
Sources:
Canadian Climatic Centre, unpublished analyzed snow depth charts
1955-1980, Downsview, Ontario.
Polter, J., 1965. Snow Cover, Climatological Studies, Number 3,
Department of Transport Meteorological Branch, Toronto.
CHINA--Fair Confidence. USAF/ETAC operating location A (OL-A) in
Asheville N.C. obtained five Chinese journal (1975-1979) from
the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). These journals
contained maximum monthly snow depths for 200 Chinese stations.
After summarizing this data, a subjective value of 80 percent of
the total depth was used to estimate the mean.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
Koncek, M. and V. Briedon, 1964. Snow and Snow-Cover in
Slovakia, Slovenska Akademia Vied, Bratislava.
DENMARK--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow depth.
FINLAND--High Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1965. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 12, Finland, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
FRANCE--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
Garnier, M., 1967. Climatologie De La France, Memorial De La
Meteorologie National, Paris.
Navarre, Jean-Pierre, Etude Climatologique De L'enneigement Des
Alpes A Ppartir Du Reseau Cedonigla, Donnees Et
Statistiques, Saint-Martin D'Heres.
GERMANY--High Confidence.
Sources:
"Summary of Day Data" (west German ABs), OL-A, USAFETAC,
Asheville, NC.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1963. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 13A, East Germany, sect. 23, Weather and
Climate, Washington D.C.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1957. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 13B, West Germany, sect. 23, Weather and
Climate, Washington D.C.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1954. Depth of Snow Cover in the
Northern Hemisphere, Arctic Construction and Frost Effects
Laboratory, New England Division, Boston.
GREECE--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough here (except on the higher mountain
peaks) to maintain a mean monthly snow depth or attempt
inclusion in the study.
GREENLAND--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Bader, Henri, 1961. The Greenland Ice Sheet, U.S. Army Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.
Mack, S.J., 1961. Accumulation Patterns on the Greenland Ice
Sheet, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, Hanover, NH.
Petterssen, S., W.C. Jacobs, and B.C. Haynes, 1956. Meteorology
of the Arctic, Chief of Naval Operations for Polar Projects,
Washington, D.C.
Schutz, C., and L.D. Bregman,1975. Global Snow Depth Data: A
Monthly Summary, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
HUNGARY--High Confidence.
Sources:
Jozsef, Kakas, 1967. Magyarorszag Eghajlati Atlasza, Akademiai
Kiado, Budapest.
ICE-COVERED AREAS--High Confidence.
Sources:
Great Lakes Climatological Atlas, 1986. Minister of Supply and
Services, Ottawa.
Sea Ice Climatic Atlas--Vol 1 Antarctic, 1985. Naval
Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, NC.
Sea Ice Climatic Atlas--Vol 2 Arctic East, Vol 3-Arctic West,
1985. Naval Oceanography Command Detachment, Asheville, NC.
ICELAND--High Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1963. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 68, Iceland, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
IRAN--Low Confidence.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency,1970. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 33-34, Afghanistan and Iran, sect. 23, Weather
and Climate, Washington D.C.
ITALY--Low Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1953. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 17, Italy, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
IRELAND--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover was
not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow depth.
JAPAN--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
"Summary of Day Data" (Japanese ABs) OL-A, USAFETAC, Asheville,
NC.
KOREA--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
"Summary of Day Data" (Korean ABs) OL-A, USAFETAC, Asheville,
NC.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1968. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 41, Korea, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
Worldwide Airfield Climatic Data, 1967. Far East, USAFETAC,
Washington D.C.
LUXEMBOURG--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover
was not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow
depth.
MIDDLE EAST--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover
was not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow
depth.
MONGOLIA--Low Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1966. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 40, Mongolia, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
MOUNTAIN AREAS--Low Confidence.
Sources:
World Meteorological Organization, 1970. Climatic Atlas of
Europe, Geneva.
World Meteorological Organization, 1981. Climatic Atlas of Asia,
Geneva.
NETHERLANDS--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover
was not present long enough to maintain a mean monthly snow
depth.
NEW ZEALAND--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Fitsharris, B.B., 1978. "problem in Estimating Snow Accumulation
with Elevation on New Zealand Mountains," Journal of
Hydrology, New Zealand, vol. 17, no 1, pp 78-89.
Landsberg, H.E. (ed.), 1976. World Survey of Climatology Vol.
13, Climates of Australia and New Zealand, Elsevier
Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 97, New Zealand, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
NORWAY--High Confidence.
Sources:
Intelligence Division (OUSARMA), 1963. Climatic Conditions in
North Norway, Report Number 2872005563, Oslo, Norway.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 10, Norway, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington C.C.
POLAND--High Confidence.
Sources:
Atlas Klimatczny Polski; Opady Atmosferyczne I Pokrywa Sniezna,
Instytut Meteorologii I Gospodarki Wodnej.
Lewinska, Janina, 1963. Zasoby Wodne Sniegu W Dorzeczu Dunajca I
Metoda 1ch Okreslania, Panstwawego Instytutu Hydrologiczno-
Meteorologicznego, Warsaw.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 14, Poland, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
PORTUGAL--High Confidence. Research suggested that snow cover
was not present long enough here (except on the higher mountain
peaks) to maintain a mean monthly snow depth or attempt
inclusion in this study.
ROMANIA--High Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence,
Survey, NIS 22-23, Romania and Bulgaria, sect. 23, Weather
and Climate, Washington D.C.
SPAIN--Low Confidence.
Sources:
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 9, Spain, sect. 23, Weather and Climate,
Washington D.C.
SOUTH AMERICA--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Landsberg, H.E., ed., 1976. World Survey of Climatology Volume
12, Climates of Central and South America, Elsevier
Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 90-91, Argentina and Uruguay, sect. 23, Weather
and Climate, Washington D.C.
SWEDEN-High Confidence.
Sources:
Pershagen, H., 1969. Snow Cover in Sweden, Sveriges
Meteorologiska Och Hydrologiska Institut, Stockholm.
SWITZERLAND--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
Air Ministry Meteorological Office, 1944. Meteorological Report
on the Alps, Supplement 1, London.
Fohn, P., 1984. Schnee und Lawinen in den Schweizer Alpine
Winter 1982/83, Winterbericht des Eidg., Institutes fur
Schnee und Lawinenforschung, Weissfluhjoch.
TURKEY--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Ministry of Agriculture, 1962. Ortalama ve Ekstrem Kiymetler
Meteoroloji Bulteni, Istanbul.
UNITED KINGDOM--Fair Confidence.
Sources:
US. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960. National Intelligence
Survey, NIS 1-2, United Kingdom and Ireland, sect. 23,
Weather and Climate, Washington D.C.
USSR--High Confidence.
Sources:
Kopanev, I.D., 1978. Snow Cover in the USSR Territory,
Leningrad.
UNITED STATES--High Confidence.
Sources:
Alpine Snow and Avalanche Research Project, U.S. Forest Service,
RM Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Bolsenga, S.J., 1967. Great Lakes Snow Depth Probability Charts
and Tables, United States Lake Survey, Detroit.
Climatology of the U.S., 1978. Number 90 (196501974), Airport
Summary, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville.
"Summary of Day Data" (U.S. AFBs), OL-A, USAFETAC, Asheville.
YUGOSLAVIA--Low Confidence.
Sources:
Air Ministry Meteorological Office, 1945, Meteorological Report
on Yugoslavia and Albania, London.
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters and Variables.
Limitations of point measurements as representative of
area/regional conditions (i.e. localized drifting, wind re-
distribution).
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessment Applied.
None.
11. NOTES
11.1 Known Problems With The Data.
Quality of the climatology is regional and decreases with the decreasing
spatial density of the surface reporting stations contributing to the
climatology. The time periods covered by the input data sets are not
consistent, varying across the globe.
11.2 Usage Guidance.
Same as in section 11.1.
11.3 Other Relevant Information.
None.
12. REFERENCES
12.1 Satellite/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation.
Foster, D.J. and R.D. Davy, 1988. Global Snow Depth Climatology,
USAFETAC/TN-88/006, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 48 p.
Hoke, J.E., J.L. Hayes, and L.G. Renninger, 1979. Map Projections and
Grid Systems for Meteorological Applications, AFGWC/TN-79/003USAF,
Air Weather Service, Offutt AFB NE, 68113.
12.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports.
Bilello, M.A., 1969. Relationships Between Climate and Regional
variations in snow-cover Density in North America, U.S. Army Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 1969.
Dewey, Kenneth F., 1987. "Satellite-Derived Maps of Snow Cover Frequency
for the Northern Hemisphere," Journal of Climate and Applied
Meteorology, 26(9):1210-1229.
Dewey, K.F. and R. Heim, Jr., 1983. "Satellite observations of
variations in Southern Hemispheric snow cover." NOAA Technical
Report NESDIS 1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C.
Dickson, R.R. and J. Posey, 1967. "maps of snow-cover probability for
the Northern Hemisphere," Monthly Weather Review, 95:347-353.
Hall, S.J., 1986. AFGWC Snow Analysis Model, AFGWC/TN-86/001, AFGWC,
Offutt AFB, NE.
Schutz, C., and L.D. Bregman, 1975. Global Snow Depth Data: A Monthly
Summary, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Depth of Snow Cover in the Northern
Hemisphere, Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory, New
England Division, Boston.
World Meteorological Office, 1970. Climatic Atlas of Europe, Geneva.
World Meteorological Office, 1981. Climatic Atlas of Asia, Geneva.
12.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation.
Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt Maryland (see Section 13 below).
Documentation about using the archive or information about access to the
on-line information system is available through the GSFC DAAC User
Services Office.
13. DATA ACCESS
13.1 Contacts for Archive/Data Access Information.
GSFC DAAC User Services
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 902.2
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Phone: (301) 286-3209
Fax: (301) 286-1775
Internet: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov
13.2 Archive Identification.
Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 902.2
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Telephone: (301) 286-3209
FAX: (301) 286-1775
Internet: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov
13.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data.
Users may place requests by accessing the on-line system, by sending
letters, electronic mail, FAX, telephone, or personal visit.
Accessing the GSFC DAAC Online System:
The GSFC DAAC Information Management System (IMS) allows users to
ordering data sets stored on-line. The system is open to the public.
Access Instructions:
Node name: daac.gsfc.nasa.gov
Node number: 192.107.190.139
Login example: telnet daac.gsfc.nasa.gov
Username: daacims
password: gsfcdaac
You will be asked to register your name and address during your first
session.
Ordering CD-ROMs:
To order CD-ROMs (available through the Goddard DAAC) users should
contact the Goddard DAAC User Support Office (see section 13.2).
13.4 GSFC DAAC Status/Plans.
The ISLSCP Initiative I CD-ROM is available from the Goddard DAAC.
14. OUTPUT PRODUCTS AND AVAILABILITY
14.1 Tape Products.
None.
14.2 Film Products.
None.
14.3 Other Products.
None.
15. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
CD-ROM Compact Disk (optical), Read Only Memory
DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center
EOS Earth Observing System
GCM General Circulation Model of the atmosphere
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center
IDS Inter disciplinary Science
ISLSCP International Satellite Land Surface Climotology Project
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
USAF/ETAC United States Air Force Environmental Technical
Applications Center